SecondMidtermExam

Kabi R. Neupane, Ph.D.

Instructor, Biology and Biotechnology, LCC, Hawaii

First Midterm Examination: Sample answers

(Note: Although presentation sequence of questions in the actual test may not match this list, the set of questions are the same)

Question 1 (1.5 points)

Which of the following statements is completely true?

	a.	Lactic acid is a product of aerobic respiration; ethyl alcohol is a product of fermentation.
	b.	Oxidation is the gain of electrons; reduction is the loss of electrons.
	c.	Glucose is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.
	d.	Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.
	e.	Oxygen is a product of cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis.

Question 7 (1.5 points)

The Calvin cycle makes direct use of _____ to make _____.

	a.	CO₂, ATP, and NADPH, sugar and O₂
	b.	light energy, CO₂, and water, sugar and O₂
	c.	CO₂, ATP, and NADPH, sugar
	d.	light energy and CO₂, sugar
	e.	sugar and O₂, CO₂, NADPH, and ATP

Question 16 (1.5 points)

Oxygen is highly corrosive; therefore, which of the following would provide definitive evidence of large amounts of O₂ in the atmosphere?

	a.	mass extinction
	b.	the presence, in the fossil record, of cells with mitochondria
	c.	the presence of cyanobacteria in the fossil record
	d.	rust
	e.	the presence, in the fossil record, of cells with chloroplasts

Question 21 (1.5 points)

During anaphase _____.

	a.	cytokinesis occurs
	b.	chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell
	c.	sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
	d.	the DNA strands duplicate
	e.	tetrads form

Question 25 (1.5 points)

The cell cycle results in the production of _____.

	a.	two diploid cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
	b.	two diploid cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information
	c.	a diploid zygote
	d.	four haploid cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information
	e.	four diploid cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information

Question 26 (1.5 points)

Homologous chromosomes _____.

	a.	are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent
	b.	always carry identical variants of genes
	c.	do not include the sex chromosomes
	d.	were formed when they separated during anaphase
	e.	carry the same gene sequence

Question 28 (1.5 points)

How does prophase I differ from prophase II?

	a.	During prophase I, the nuclear envelope breaks up; during prophase II, the nuclear envelope remains intact.
	b.	During prophase I, there is one diploid cell; during prophase II, there are two haploid cells.
	c.	Tetrads do not form during prophase I; tetrads form during prophase II.
	d.	During prophase I, chromosomes line up single file on the midline of the cell; during prophase II, the chromosomes line up in double file on the midline of the cell.
	e.	During prophase I, chromatin condenses; chromatin does not condense during prophase II.

Question 29 (1.5 points)

Which of the following changes in gene sequence illustrates a chromosomal deletion?

	a.	ABCDEFGH --> ABFEDCGH
	b.	ABCDEFGH --> ABCDEFGHIJKL
	c.	ABCDEFGH --> ABCDEFCDEFGH
	d.	ABCDEFGH --> ABCDDFGH
	e.	ABCDEFGH --> ABCFGH

Question 31 (1.5 points)

A true-breeding plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a true-breeding plant that produces green seeds; all of the seeds of all of the offspring are yellow, why?

	a.	Yellow is an easier color to produce.
	b.	All of the offspring are homozygous yellow.
	c.	The yellow allele is recessive to the green allele.
	d.	The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
	e.	The alleles are codominant.

Question 33 (1.5 points)

According to Mendel's principle of segregation, _____.

	a.	homologous chromosomes move to the same gamete
	b.	more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele
	c.	gametes have one copy of each allele
	d.	each pair of alleles segregate into gametes independently of pairs of alleles
	e.	gametes are diploid

Question 35 (1.5 points)

In order to determine the phenotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who _____.

	a.	expresses the dominant trait
	b.	is homozygous dominant for that trait
	c.	has the genotype Aa
	d.	is heterozygous for that trait
	e.	is homozygous recessive for that trait

Question 36 (1.5 points)

An individual homozygous for cystic fibrosis _____.

	a.	cannot have children with cystic fibrosis
	b.	has cystic fibrosis
	c.	will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis
	d.	is a carrier
	e.	cannot communicate

Question 38 (1.5 points)

An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate, and all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture?

	a.	pleiotropy
	b.	Straight hair and curly hair are sex-linked, but wavy hair is not.
	c.	Wavy hair is dominant to both straight and curly hair.
	d.	codominance
	e.	incomplete dominance

Question 39 (1.5 points)

What is the key to the recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)?

	a.	a continuous distribution of the trait
	b.	a mating between a homozygous and heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant
	c.	pleiotropy
	d.	an equal expression of all of the alleles of the gene for that trait
	e.	a mating between a homozygous recessive and heterozygous individual produces offspring who all have the same phenotype

Question 40 (1.5 points)

Nonsex chromosomes are called _____.

	a.	allosomes
	b.	autosomes
	c.	nonsexosomes
	d.	centromeres
	e.	centrosomes

Question 41 (4 points)

Write the similarity and differences between chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Similarities: Chloroplasts and mitochondira are both enclosed by two membranes and are located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Both generate ATP for cellular metabolism. Differences: Chloroplasts are present in plants and other photosynthetic organisms and convert solar energy to chemical energy by photosynthesis; mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration whre products of photosynthesis (such as glucose) are broken down to release energy.

Question 42 (4 points)

Differentiate between glycolysis and Kreb's cycle

Glycolysis: It is the first stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis involves a multi-step pathway which breaks down a molecule of glucose to two pyruvic acid molecules. Kreb's Cycle: This is the second stage of cellular respiration and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Kreb's cycle begins with the incorporaton of acetyl CoA into a four carbon compound, which is regenerated at the end of the cycle. The acetyl CoA, a product of pyruvic acid, is broken down to CO2 and NADH during Kreb's cycle. Energy stored in NADH molecules will be utilized to generate ATP during the third stage of aerobic respiration.

Question 43 (4 points)

Describe ATP cycle.

ATP stores energy for cellular work and it is a renewable resource. When the terminal phosphate is released from ATP, energy for cellular work is released and ADP is formed. ADP is a less energetic molecule. Chemical energy harvested from photosynehsis or respiration can be used to make ATP by adding a terminal phosphate to the ADP molecule. This reversible (cyclic) reaction of ATP <---> ADP+energy is called the ATP cycle.

Question 44 (4 points)

Differentiate between C3 and CAM plants

Question 45 (4 points)

Differentiate between ONE of the following
a) grana and stroma
b) light reaction and dark reaction

Question 46 (4 points)

Write short notes on any TWO of the following:
A) Karyotype B) Haploid C) Crossing over

Question 47 (4 points)

Differentiate between any ONE
A) Klinefelter syndrome and Down syndrome
B) Centrosome and Centromere

Question 48 (4 points)

Differentiate between genotype and phenotype

Question 49 (4 points)

Differentiate between any ONE of the following
a) linkage and crossing over
b) monohybrid and dihybrid corss

Question 50 (4 points)

A friend of yours is impressed by your knowledge of genetics and recommends her friend, Linda, to you for a genetic counseling. Although Linda and her husband are normal, their first child died from cystic fibrosis (CS). Linda wishes to have another child but she is quite apprehensive about having another CS child. Please tell Linda what her odds are to have a CS child and why?
[Hint: CS is an autosomal recessive trait]

Question 51 (5 points)